Forward capital ap human geography - For the Free Response section of the AP® Human Geography exam, we have included an example from the 2005 AP® Human Geography Exam. Here is the AP® Human Geography FRQ from the 2005 Exam with the Scoring Guidelines. FRQ #1. This question is concerned with the political geography concepts of supra-nationalism and devolution. 1.

 
In political geography, a disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and ... . Palmyra b god roll

ap human geography unit 4: part 6. Term. 1 / 43. capitals. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 43. what are typically centrally located to allow for equal access? Click the card to flip 👆.A Vocabulary List for AP Human Geography Martha Sharma Retired teacher Hilton Head, South Carolina Unit IV. Political Organization of Space—Basic Vocabulary and Concepts Annexation ... Forward capital Frontier Geopolitics Gerrymander Global commons Heartland/rimland Immigrant states . International organization Iron Curtain Irredentism🚜 AP Human Geo > 💸 Unit 7 7.10 MC Answers and Review 5 min read • december 3, 2021 Dalia Savy Answers and Review for Multiple Choice Practice on Industrial & Economic Development ⛔ STOP ⛔ Before you look at the answers, make sure you gave this practice quiz a try so you can assess your understanding of the concepts covered in Unit 7.Challenges to Political-Territorial Arrangements » Devolution of Countries: Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces. An example of a centripetal force in politics is. a paramilitary group specifically targeting an ethnic minority. religious divisions among major regions. one region of a country getting preferential treatment over another.Step 1: 2.5 hours. Step 2: 1 hour. Step 3: 2 hours. Step 4: 2.5 hours. It should take approximately eight hours to study for the AP Human Geography exam. Of course, you can always extend the time you spend reviewing content if you're rusty on a bunch of different topics or just want to be extra thorough.Two of those factors are site and situation. Site and situation influence the origin, function, and growth of cities and is an important concept to understand when you study cities and urban land use for the AP® Human Geography Exam. This study guide will explain the difference between site and situation in the context of AP® Human Geography.Forward Capital: A symbolically relocated capital city, moved for economic or strategic reasons (e.g. Brasilia) 153445478: Fragmented State: A state that includes several discontinuous territories (e.g. Indonesia) 153445479: Frontier: A zone separating two states in which neither of the states exercises political control (e.g. Antarctica) 153445480AP Human Geography - Chapter 10 Vocabulary. 49 terms. akrivosh. Other sets by this creator. Lecture 7 SC State Law. 5 terms. ashleyhollo. Lecture 6 SC State Law. 38 terms. ... Feb. 1 Issued capital stock in exchange for $ 750, 000 \$ 750,000 $750, 000 cash. Feb. 5 Borrowed $ 50, 000 \$ 50,000 $50, 000 from the bank by issuing a note payable.A boundary dispute is a situation in which a political boundary is contested. There are four major types of boundary disputes: locational, definitional, allocational, and operational. France and Italy cannot agree on their border on and around Mont Blanc thanks to centuries of contradictory treaties, surveys, and atlases.All the Unit 7 Vocab (Cities and Urban Land) regardless of the ch it falls into. Term. Definition. Bid-rent theory. geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. Blockbusting.Forward Capital Ap Human Geography 1 Views A big metropolis with a high level of consumer services, a significant number of international visitor headquarters, and a polarized social structure is aAP Human Geography projectAP® Human Geography 2006 Scoring Guidelines The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success ... Forward capital Capital of Pakistan moved from Karachi to Islamabad Disaster response Earthquake in Pakistan; Cyclones or …Practice question "Forward Capital". Part of Albert's supplemental practice for AP® Human Geography.Terms in this set (50) the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban. people living in a large densely populated municipality, legally incorporated into an independent unit. physical character of a place. physical position in relation to the surroundings.Jan 8, 2023 · Infrastructure plays a critical role in urban development and is essential for the functioning and growth of cities. Infrastructure includes the physical systems, facilities, and services that support the daily lives of people and businesses in an urban area. It can include transportation systems, such as roads, highways, and public transit ... A) the changing location of retail and office activities in North American cities. B) the development of squatter settlements in developing countries. C) the distribution of different types of people in an urban area. D) which of the three models of urban structure is the most accurate in the United States. the AP Human Geography topic outline and their ability to apply that knowledge. Several topics within this section of the outline are related to the question of factors supporting or challenging the viability of a state. The worlds remaining dependencies. Which population pyramid shown above best represents a college town. D. Which population pyramid shown above best represents a town with a military base. C. Which of the following is true of an edge city. E ) it has a large amount of recently developed retail and office space. Terms in this set (50) the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban. people living in a large densely populated municipality, legally incorporated into an independent unit. physical character of a place. physical position in relation to the surroundings.Forward-thrust capital How is St. Petersburg an example of a forward-thrust capital? St. Petersburg was made the capital to declare a new vision for the future of Russia. It had a port and an island off its coast to provide security. List 1 example of a forward thrust capital and explain why it was moved. chapter 11 A.p human geography. industrial revolution. Click the card to flip 👆. a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. The revolution in industrial technology created an unprecedented expansion in productivity, resulting in substantially higher standard of living. Brazil is among the ten largest economies in the world. Brazil has favorable resources and labor to complete in the global marketplace. Its agricultural output has grown immensely over the past few decades. Brazil is a major exporter of soybeans, coffee, orange juice, beef, and other agricultural products.Made for any learning environment, AP teachers can assign these short videos on every topic and skill as homework alongside topic questions, warm-ups, lectures, reviews, and more. AP students can also access videos on their own for additional support. Videos are available in AP Classroom, on your Course Resources page.SocialTags: AP Human Geography Workshop Devolutionary Forces Scott Dobler, WKU Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 12th Edition ISBN: 978--07-802146-6 Chapter 12: The Political Ordering of Space Chapter LayoutConcepts and Key Terms Introduction: Political Geography GeoPolitics National Political System: State Nation Nation State ...Additional AP Human Geography. Global Positioning Satellite - 24 (originally) satellites transmitting complex radio codes including time signals traveling at the speed of light. Contact at least 4 / 24 at any time of day or night. Gives absolute location.Marxism/Marxist Geography I. A. Cumbers, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009 Uneven Geographical Development and the Spatial Fix. A key geographical insight from Marxism is the way that capitalism produces uneven development across space. Marx recognized uneven development to be a basic …AP® Human Geography 2021 Scoring Guidelines . Question 1: No Stimulus . 7 points (A) ... Agriculture that requires large quantities of inputs (e.g., labor, capital, agricultural …Rostow’s Stages of Development model is only concerned with economic geography; therefore, it would be unreasonable to criticize it for focusing on economic differences. The primary criticism leveled at Rostow’s model by contemporary geographers is that it presumes that the experience of western economies—and their path of …Forward Capital. built to draw migrants/investments to underdeveloped area. ... AP Human Geography Chapter 14 Resources. 39 terms. pole789. AP Human Geo Religion ... A Concise Definition. The following definition incorporates all essential elements traditionally recognized as being fundamental to geography: it is the study of "what is where, why there, and why care?" *. To this definition, I often add "pertaining to the various physical and human features of Earth's surface, including their conditions ...AP Human Geography. cluster of inventions and innovations that brought large-scale economic changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing in late 18th century Europe. area to which an innovation diffuses and from which the innovation diffuses more broadly. processes heightening interactions, increasing interdependence, and deepening ...Study free AP Human Geography flashcards about Unit 5 Political created by hmmanly to improve your grades. Matching game, word search puzzle, and hangman also available. ... Forward capital: A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons.Territoriality is a key concept in geography, so it is important to understand what it means. Territoriality: The control of a specific, identifiable portion of Earth's surface by a state or other entity. States have a right to territory and clear borders to identify where this territory falls geographically on Earth's surface.a geopolitical hypothesis proposed by British geographer Harold Mackinder that states that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain strength to eventually dominate the world. Rimland Theory. Term coined by Nicolas Spykman that refers to the coastal rim of Eurasia, which Spykman says the key to global power. Centrifugal Force.John C. Baran, Jr., Director, AP Instructional Design and PD Resource Development Cheryl Harmon, Senior Director, AP Instructional Design and PD Resource Development Brett Mayhan, Senior Director, AP Human Geography Content Development Dan McDonough, Senior Director, AP Content Integration SPECIAL THANKSThe term geopolitics once had a negative connotation, due to the organic theory, and in this paper, we shall discuss the reason for this. It was theorized in 1897 by Friedrich Ratzel, a nineteenth-century German geographer and ethnographer. The name “organic theory” comes from Ratzel’s assertion that political entities, such as countries ...Facts about the test: The AP Human Geography exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour to complete the section. That means it should take you around 1 minute per question. *The following questions were not written by College Board and, although they cover information outlined in the AP Human Geography Course and Exam ...Measuring the power of states is a complex and imprecise business. There can be no doubt, however, that a state’s power is directly related to its capacity for organization. Geopolitics, a century-old part of political geography, studies the power relationships among states. Current develop­ments in the states of the Pacific Rim fuel an old ... Unit 4 Summary. The following summary is from AMSCO AP Human Geography: Today’s political map consists mostly of independent states in which all territory is connected, and most people share a language and other cultural traits. This was not true of the past. Many states were sprawling, diverse empires, such as the Ottoman Empire …The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface. A 19th- and early 20th-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. A set of flashcards created by HermioneGirl96 that covers some forward capitals of the world. The cards have a question and an answer, such as Abuja (Nigeria) and Dhaka …AP geography chapter 8 vocab. 35 terms. huckster3. AP Human Geography (1st Final) 36 terms. A_johnson200. Political Geography Vocabulary. 37 terms. We are going to cover what you need to know both for the multiple choice and FRQ sections of the AP® Human Geography exam. In the AP® Human Geography curriculum, livestock ranching falls under the section on Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use. More specifically, students are to understand that major agricultural …AP® Human Geography 2006 Scoring Guidelines ... Forward capital Capital of Pakistan moved from Karachi to Islamabad Disaster response Earthquake in Pakistan ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Globalization, Washington Consensus, Networks and more.A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. An example would be Brasília The map above illustrates. Once you are finished, click the button below. Any items you have not completed will be marked incorrect. Get Results. There are 15 questions to complete. Our free, 15-question quiz on AP Human Geography unit 4 examines the political patterns and processes that shape our geographical landscape.ap human geography unit 4: part 6. Term. 1 / 43. capitals. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 43. what are typically centrally located to allow for equal access? Click the card to flip 👆.Geography is a diverse discipline that has some sort of connection to most every other academic discipline. This connection is the spatial perspective, which essentially means if a phenomenon can be mapped, it has some kind of relationship to geography. Studying the entire world is a fascinating subject, and geographical knowledge is …Step 1: 2.5 hours. Step 2: 1 hour. Step 3: 2 hours. Step 4: 2.5 hours. It should take approximately eight hours to study for the AP Human Geography exam. Of course, you can always extend the time you spend reviewing content if you're rusty on a bunch of different topics or just want to be extra thorough.We are going to cover what you need to know both for the multiple choice and FRQ sections of the AP® Human Geography exam. In the AP® Human Geography curriculum, livestock ranching falls under the section on Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use. More specifically, students are to understand that major agricultural …A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons. Forward Capital. Cities that, because of their geographic ...AP Human Geography 2021 Scoring Commentary Question 3 (continued) efficient production. Many students based their explanation on the idea that since most of the products are “everyday” items, then the demand for them is comparative advantage in producing them. Sample: 3A Score: 7 The response to part A earned sForward Capital Ap Human Geography 1 Views A big metropolis with a high level of consumer services, a significant number of international visitor headquarters, and a polarized social structure is aMesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Huanghe and Wei River Valleys, Mesoamerica. Chronologically, the first of the five urbanization hearths. It is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. There is signs of social inequality from the variants in housing. There was an established priest-king class.There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Annexation, Allocational/resource boundary dispute ...Two of those factors are site and situation. Site and situation influence the origin, function, and growth of cities and is an important concept to understand when you study cities and urban land use for the AP® Human Geography Exam. This study guide will explain the difference between site and situation in the context of AP® Human Geography.Economic geography’s relation to mainstream economics has grown closer since the creation of the Journal of Economic Geography in 2000. However, the subdiscipline is far more politically left-wing than fifty years ago and today it draws much intellectual inspiration from the critical wings of economic sociology, business studies, the …Berlin Conference (1884-85) Series of negotiations at Berlin in which the major European nations met to determine the future of Central Africa. The participants declared the Congo River basin region to be neutral, guaranteed freedom of trade and shipping for all colonial powers, forbade slave trading, and rejected Portugal's claims to the region.The theory that a state needs expansive land in order to prosper. Perforated State. A state that completely surrounds another one (e.g. Italy) Political Geography. The study of geography involving geographic states, borders, and how humans identify with them. Physical Political Boundary.Capital. the city that is the seat of government of a state, nation, or province. City-State. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. ... Ap Human Geography Unit 4. 84 terms. xxashleyxxcxx. AP Human Geography Chapter 10: Agriculture. 43 terms. scout661. Other sets by this creator. Anatomy Final. 67 terms. Images. MM ...Introduction to Maps. The main types of maps: reference maps and thematic maps; maps used for depicting quantitative values; cartograms. Instructor: Kevin Tu...Definition: Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis. Example: College kids moving to a dorm in the fall and then going back home again in the spring. Application: This is important because it shows that not all movement is migration--some may be temporary. Counterurbanization.Capital. the city that is the seat of government of a state, nation, or province. City-State. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. ... Ap Human Geography Unit 4. 84 terms. xxashleyxxcxx. AP Human Geography Chapter 10: Agriculture. 43 terms. scout661. Other sets by this creator. Anatomy Final. 67 terms. Images. MM ...Geography is a diverse discipline that has some sort of connection to most every other academic discipline. This connection is the spatial perspective, which essentially means if a phenomenon can be mapped, it has some kind of relationship to geography. Studying the entire world is a fascinating subject, and geographical knowledge is …decaying city. Correct answer: primate city. Explanation: The term “primate city” is used to refer to a city that functions as by far the largest city in the country it inhabits. It may have a population between a third and a half of that of the whole country. Classic examples of primate cities include Bangkok in Thailand and Seoul in South ...Physical geography is the study of the natural features of the Earth's surface, including landforms, bodies of water, and the atmosphere. It includes the study of processes such as erosion, weathering, and plate tectonics, which shape and reshape the Earth's surface over time. Agricultural practices refer to the ways in which crops and ...4.1-4.3. Agriculture. "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: Retries: Study free AP Human Geography flashcards about Forward Capitals created by HermioneGirl96 to improve your grades. Matching game, word search puzzle, and hangman also available.Facts about the test: The AP Human Geography exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour to complete the section. That means it should take you around 1 minute per question. *The following questions were not written by College Board and, although they cover information outlined in the AP Human Geography Course and Exam ...in geography a term with several connotations. core= center, heart, or focus. the core area of a nation-state is constitued by the national heartland- the largest population cluster, the most productive region, the area with greatest centrality and accessibilit, probably containing the capital city as well.One-year sales volume of four similar 20-oz. beverages on a college campus is shown. (a) Make a bar chart and describe it. (b) Assuming a uniform distribution on each begerage type, calculate expected frequencies for each class. (c) Perform the chi-square test for a uniform distribution. Social Science Human Geography AP Human Set 2 Term 1 / 23 Definition Phase in Boundary Creation Click the card to flip 👆 Definition 1 / 23 Phase in which the exact …Step 1: 2.5 hours. Step 2: 1 hour. Step 3: 2 hours. Step 4: 2.5 hours. It should take approximately eight hours to study for the AP Human Geography exam. Of course, you can always extend the time you spend reviewing content if you're rusty on a bunch of different topics or just want to be extra thorough.Forward-thrust capital A capital that is deliberately located, or relocated, to a specific region within a country or a symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons. What is Site and Situation in AP® Human Geography The origin, features, and growth of a peculiar billing depend upon twain his site, how well as yours location. Settlements can be rural, a small village, forward example, with a small population, press urban, as a large city with a population inside tens of millions.Rostow’s Stages of Development model is only concerned with economic geography; therefore, it would be unreasonable to criticize it for focusing on economic differences. The primary criticism leveled at Rostow’s model by contemporary geographers is that it presumes that the experience of western economies—and their path of …AP World Geography: Semester 2. Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes. Week 1. January 2-- Snow day. HW: 1/6 Colonialisation Maps and Readings. . January 3-- Political power and territoriality: Choke points, Neocolonialism, shatterbelts and Demilitarized zones (topic 4.3)A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. An example would be BrasíliaOne-year sales volume of four similar 20-oz. beverages on a college campus is shown. (a) Make a bar chart and describe it. (b) Assuming a uniform distribution on each begerage type, calculate expected frequencies for each class. (c) Perform the chi-square test for a uniform distribution. AP World Geography: Semester 2. Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes. Week 1. January 2-- Snow day. HW: 1/6 Colonialisation Maps and Readings. . January 3-- Political power and territoriality: Choke points, Neocolonialism, shatterbelts and Demilitarized zones (topic 4.3)AP Human Geography projectGet the mobile app for the best Kahoot! experience! Skip to Page contentthe location of a place relative to other places. Urbanization. Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Suburbanization. Movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). Origin of Cities.One-year sales volume of four similar 20-oz. beverages on a college campus is shown. (a) Make a bar chart and describe it. (b) Assuming a uniform distribution on each begerage …The AP Human Geography test is two hours and 15 minutes long. It contains a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. The next AP Human Geography test will be held on Tuesday, May 4, 2023, at 8:00 AM. No points are deducted for wrong or blank answers on the exam.Social Science Human Geography Ap Human Geography Unit 4 4.3 (141 reviews) Get a hint Annexation Click the card to flip 👆 the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation Click the card to flip 👆 1 / 84 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by xxashleyxxcxx Terms in this set (84) Annexationstrengthened by the relocation its capital. One additional point was granted for explaining that the relocation of Myanmar’s capital was, in part, an attempt to break from tradition and strengthen power.Introduction. Political power and territoriality are closely related concepts in the study of geopolitics. Political power refers to the ability of a group or individual to influence or control the decisions, actions, and resources of others. Territoriality, on the other hand, refers to the control or ownership of a defined area of land or water.Forward Capital Ap Human Geography 1 Views A big metropolis with a high level of consumer services, a significant number of international visitor headquarters, and a polarized social structure is a

AP® Human Geography 2021 Scoring Guidelines Question 1: No Stimulus 7 points (A) Define intensive agriculture. 1 point Accept one of the following: • A1. Agriculture that requires large quantities of inputs (e.g., labor, capital, products) per unit of land. • A2. (e.g., double-cropping, terracing) on relatively smaller amounts of land.. Guns fishing and other stuff vacaville range

forward capital ap human geography

AP Human Geography – Vocabulary Lists. Geography – Nature & Perspectives. Sequent occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings. AP Human Geography Unit 4: Political Patterns & Processes 2021-22. 4.3 (7 reviews) African Union (AU) Click the card to flip 👆. African leaders hoped that by forming this organization integrating the entire continent's political and economic systems, they could reach a level of unity similar to the EU. Click the card to flip 👆.Flashcards for Ms. Mohs' AP Human Geography class' Unit 6 Exam. Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.European Union. a supranational & intergovernmental union of 27 members in Europe.covers most areas of public policy, from economics to foreign affairs, defense, agriculture.largest political & economic entity on the Euro continent, 500 mil people and GDP of $13.4 tril. Federal.From the very beginning of the human race, we have thought about things in a certain way. We have always viewed things from a certain point in time, and. Home; …AP Human Test Unit 7 quiz for 9th grade students. ... AP Human Test Unit 7 quiz for 9th grade students. Find other quizzes for Geography and more on Quizizz for free! Skip to Content Enter code. Log in Sign up. Enter code. Log in Sign ... of a forward capital? Argentina . Brazil . Chile. Mexico . Peru . Multiple Choice.AP Human Geography – Vocabulary Lists. Geography – Nature & Perspectives. Sequent occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings. Cities are convenient places for people to live, work, and play. Convenience has economic consequences, as well. Reduced costs associated with transportation, and the ability to share expenses for infrastructure creates what is known as economies of agglomeration, which is the fundamental reason for cities. The convenience and economic benefits ...The Hoyt Sector Model and the AP® Human Geography Exam. The AP® Human Geography Course Description wants you to use your knowledge of classic urban land use models like the one developed by Hoyt to explain the internal structures of cities and urban development. You should be able to identify the type of neighborhood …The geographic term “ecumene” refers to the proportion of the Earth’s land that is permanently inhabited by human beings. Over time ecumene has increased slightly. This has been caused by a number of factors, but the two most significant are - overpopulation which causes some people to seek new areas for inhabitation and technological …organization of the AP Human Geography curricular components, including: § Sequence of units, along with approximate weighting and suggested pacing. Please note that pacing is based on 45-minute class periods meeting five days each week for a full academic year. § Progression of topics within each unit. § Spiraling of the big ideas andStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Globalization, Washington Consensus, Networks and more.AP Human Geography project Berlin Conference (1884-85) Series of negotiations at Berlin in which the major European nations met to determine the future of Central Africa. The participants declared the Congo River basin region to be neutral, guaranteed freedom of trade and shipping for all colonial powers, forbade slave trading, and rejected Portugal's claims to the region.🚜 AP Human Geo > 💸 Unit 7 7.10 MC Answers and Review 5 min read • december 3, 2021 Dalia Savy Answers and Review for Multiple Choice Practice on Industrial & Economic Development ⛔ STOP ⛔ Before you look at the answers, make sure you gave this practice quiz a try so you can assess your understanding of the concepts covered in Unit 7.AP Human Test Unit 7 quiz for 9th grade students. ... AP Human Test Unit 7 quiz for 9th grade students. Find other quizzes for Geography and more on Quizizz for free! Skip to Content Enter code. Log in Sign up. Enter code. Log in Sign ... of a forward capital? Argentina . Brazil . Chile. Mexico . Peru . Multiple Choice.chapter 11 A.p human geography. industrial revolution. Click the card to flip 👆. a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. The revolution in industrial technology created an unprecedented expansion in productivity, resulting in substantially higher standard of living. .

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